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Octopus aquaculture
The development of octopus aquaculture, the farming of octopus, is being driven by strong market demands in the Mediterranean and in South American and Asian countries.〔Iglesias, J., Otero, J.J., Moxica, C., Fuentes, L., Sánchez, F.J. (2004) ("The completed life cycle of the octopus (''Octopus vulgaris'', Cuvier) under culture conditions: paralarval rearing using ''Artemia'' and ''zoeae'', and first data on juvenile growth up to 8 months of age" ) ''Aquac. Int.'' 12: 481–487.〕 Octopus live short lives, growing rapidly and maturing early. They typically reach two or three kilograms (high weights for invertebrates). There is little overlap between successive generations.〔Boyle, P.R., Rodhouse, P.G. (2005) (''Cephalopods: ecology and fisheries'' ) Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-06048-1.〕
The supply of octopus has been constrained by overfishing in many key fisheries.〔FAO (2010) ''(The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010 )''. FAO, Rome. Page 41.〕 The common octopus seems particularly suitable for aquaculture. However, it is currently difficult to culture the early life stages of octopus and maintain high survival rates for their paralarvae. This difficulty is limiting the development of fully closed life cycle octopus hatchery systems.
== Species ==
The aquaculture potential of several octopus species has been investigated in recent years, including ''Octopus maya'',〔Rosas, C., Cuzon, G., Pascual, C., Gaxiola, G., Chay, Lòpez, N., Maldonado, T., Domingues, P.M. (2007) ("Energy balance of Octopus maya fed crab or an artificial diet" ) ''Marine Biology,'' 152: 371–381.〕 ''Octopus bimaculoides'',〔Solorzano, Y., Viana, M.T., López, L.Mc, Correa, J.G.,True, C.C., Rosas, C. (2009) ("Response of newly hatched'' Octopus bimaculoides'' fed enriched ''Artemia salina'': Growth performance, ontogeny of the digestive enzyme and tissue amino acid content" ) ''Aquaculture,'' 289: 84–90.〕 ''Octopus ocellatus'',〔Segawa, S., Nomoto, A. (2002) ("Laboratory growth, feeding, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of ''Octopus ocellatus''" ) ''Bulletin of Marine Science,'' 71: 801–813.〕 and ''Octopus mimus''.〔Baltazar, P., Rodríguez, P., Rivera, W., Valdivieso, V. (2000) ("Cultivo experimental de ''Octopus mimus'', Gould 1852 en perú" ) ''Revista Peruana de Biología,'' 7: 151–160.〕
The common octopus, ''Octopus vulgaris'', appears to be the most serious candidate for aquaculture in terms of its biological and market potential.〔 It has a worldwide distribution in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. It is a benthic species occurring from the coastal line to the outer edge of the continental shelf, at depths of up to 200 m and in very diverse marine habitats.〔Guerra, A. (1992) ("Mollusca: Cephalopoda" ) In: Ramos, M.A., et al. (Eds.) ''Fauna Iberica'', vol. 1. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, p. 327. ISSN:84-00-07010-0.〕 The common octopus is easily adapted to captive conditions and has a rapid growth rate of 5% body weight per day.〔Iglesias J., Sánchez F.J. and Otero J.J. (1997) "Primeras experiencias sobre el cultivo integral del pulpo (''Octopus vulgaris'', Cuvier) en el Instituto Español de Oceanografía". In: Costa J., Abellán E., García García B., Ortega A. and Zamora S. (Eds.), ''VI Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura'', Cartagena, Spain, pp. 221–226.〕 It also has a high feed conversion rate with 30–60% of ingested food being incorporated in its own weight,〔Mangold, K.M. (1983) "Octopus vulgaris". In: Boyle, P.R. (Ed.), ''Cephalopod Life Cycles'', vol. 1. Academic Press, London, pp. 335–364.〕〔Aguado, F., García García, B. (2002) ("Growth and food intake models in ''Octopus vulgaris'' Cuvier/1797: influence of body weight, temperature, sex and diet" ) ''Aquac. Int.'' 10: 361–377.〕 and a high fecundity of 100,000–500,000 eggs per female.〔
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